Biology News

How a bacterium becomes a permanent resident in a fungus as a bacterium that ends up by chance inside a different host cell typically faces many challenges. It must survive, reproduce, and be passed on to future generations, or it will disappear. Additionally, to avoid harming its host, it can’t take too many nutrients or grow too quickly. If the host and the new resident can’t cooperate, the relationship will end.

Date	October 2, 2024
Source	ETH Zurich
Summary	In biology, the concept of one organism living within another is often quite successful. Researchers have now uncovered insights into how such a symbiotic relationship, where one cell resides within another, can form and stabilize.

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How a bacterium becomes a permanent resident in a fungus

To explore how the endosymbiosis relationship might start, a research team led by Julia Vorholt, Professor of Microbiology at ETH Zurich, initiated such partnerships in the lab. The team closely studied the early stages of potential endosymbiosis, and their findings have recently been published in Nature.

Forcing Coexistence

In this study, Gabriel Giger, a doctoral student in Vorholt’s lab, developed a technique to inject bacteria into cells of the fungus Rhizopus microsporus without causing damage. Giger used two types of bacteria for the experiment: E. coli and bacteria from the genus Mycetohabitans. While Mycetohabitans naturally form endosymbiotic relationships with another Rhizopus species, the strain used in the experiment does not engage in endosymbiosis in nature. Giger observed what happened under the microscope as these bacteria were forced into cohabitation with the fungus.

Following the injection of E. coli bacteria, both the fungus and the bacteria continued to grow, but the bacteria grew so quickly that the fungus triggered an immune response, encapsulating the bacteria to protect itself. As a result, the bacteria could not be passed on to the next generation of fungi.

Bacteria Enter Spores

The outcome was different when Mycetohabitans bacteria were injected. As the fungus formed spores, some of the bacteria managed to enter the spores and were passed on to the next generation. “The fact that the bacteria were successfully transmitted to the next generation of fungi through the spores was a breakthrough in our research,” Giger noted.

When Giger allowed these spores, containing bacteria, to germinate, he found that they germinated less frequently and that the fungi grew more slowly compared to those without bacterial inhabitants. “Initially, the endosymbiosis reduced the overall fitness of the fungi,” he explained. However, by continuing the experiment over several fungal generations and selecting fungi whose spores contained bacteria, the fungi adapted and produced more viable spores with resident bacteria. Genetic analysis showed that the fungus had undergone changes during the experiment to accommodate its bacterial partner.

The researchers also discovered that together, the host and its bacterial resident produced biologically active molecules that could help the fungus obtain nutrients or defend against threats like nematodes and amoebae. “What initially posed a disadvantage can later become an advantage,” emphasized Vorholt.

Delicate Relationships

The study highlighted how fragile early endosymbiotic systems are. “The initial decline in the host’s fitness could lead to the quick collapse of such a system in nature,” said Giger. “For new endosymbiotic relationships to stabilize, there must be a mutual benefit to living together,” Vorholt added. The potential resident must possess traits that favor endosymbiosis. For the host, incorporating another organism provides an opportunity to gain new characteristics, even though it requires adjustments. “In the long run, evolution shows how successful endosymbiosis can become,” the ETH professor concluded.

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New RSV images could reveal vulnerabilities in the resilient virus because the intricate structure of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a significant obstacle in developing treatments for an infection that hospitalizes or leads to worse outcomes for hundreds of thousands of people in the United States each year, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Researchers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison have produced for preventing or slowing RSV infections.

Date	October 1, 2024
Source	University of Wisconsin-Madison
Summary	According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the intricate structure of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) poses a significant challenge in developing effective treatments for an infection that causes hospitalizations and severe outcomes for hundreds of thousands in the U.S. annually. However new images of RSV may provide crucial insights into preventing or mitigating infections. RSV is particularly concerning for young children, the elderly, and adults.

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New RSV images could reveal vulnerabilities in the resilient virus

RSV is especially concerning for young children, the elderly, and adults at high risk for respiratory issues. Unlike other widespread respiratory illnesses, such as the flu, RSV has limited treatment options. In the U.S., preventive treatments are available for young children, and vaccines are approved only for pregnant women and the elderly. The virus’s structure, composed of small, flexible filaments, has made it difficult for researchers to identify key drug targets, particularly viral components shared across related viruses.

“There are several viruses related to RSV that are also significant human pathogens, including measles,” says Elizabeth Wright, a professor of biochemistry at UW-Madison. “Our knowledge of related viruses provides clues about RSV protein structures, but to identify drug targets, we need a closer examination of RSV proteins closely associated with host cell membranes.”

Wright’s team used cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET), a cutting-edge imaging technique, to unveil key details of RSV’s molecules and structures. Their findings, recently published in Nature, offer important insights into the virus’s form and function.

Cryo-ET works by flash-freezing viral particles or molecules at extremely low temperatures, halting biological processes. This enables researchers to capture high-resolution images of cells, organelles, and viruses, essentially freezing them in time. By freezing multiple RSV particles, cryo-ET can visualize nearly all of the virus’s configurations from various angles. These 2D images are then combined to create detailed 3D representations, down to the atomic level.

The team’s study produced high-resolution images of two crucial RSV proteins: the RSV M protein and RSV F protein. Both play key roles in the virus’s interaction with host cells and are also found in related viruses.

The RSV M protein binds with the host cell membrane, maintaining the virus’s filamentous structure and coordinating its components, including the RSV F proteins. The F proteins, positioned on the virus’s surface, are responsible for engaging with host cell receptors, regulating the virus’s fusion and entry into the host cell. The images revealed that in RSV, two F proteins pair up to form a more stable unit, potentially preventing the virus from infecting the host prematurely.

“Our findings provide structural insights that help us understand not only how the protein regulates the assembly of viral particles but also how the coordination of these proteins enables the virus to become infectious,” says Wright.

The researchers believe that targeting these F protein pairs could be a potential strategy for destabilizing the virus before it infects its next host, paving the way for future drug development: Wright and her team plan to continue studying how RSV proteins interact to drive infection.

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For any organism to survive and thrive, its cells must tightly regulate when and where specific genes are active. New research by EMBL Heidelberg’s Noh Group, in collaboration with EMBL Australia, reveals key control sites that govern this process, particularly in relation to the activity of ancient viral sequences embedded in the genome to know how cells suppress genomic traces of ancient viruses.

Date	September 18, 2024
Source	European Molecular Biology Laboratory
Summary	Researchers have discovered key cellular control sites that regulate gene expression and prevent the activation of hidden genomic regions, including ancient viral sequences.

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How Cells Suppress Genomic Traces of Ancient Viruses

For organisms, it’s essential to regulate when and where specific genes are expressed. Naturally occurring chemical modifications to histone proteins, which bind to DNA, are thought to play a significant role in this process. However, their direct influence on gene expression was uncertain. Through experimentation, researchers have demonstrated that certain histone sites serve as crucial control points, helping to prevent the accidental activation of genomic regions, including remnants of ancient viral sequences.

Our genomes are vast — a typical human cell contains over 6 billion units of DNA, or ‘base pairs.’ However, accessing the right information at the right time to perform specific functions presents a challenge. This is where epigenetic signatures come into play. Think of the genome as a book; epigenetic marks are like highlights on the pages or notes in the margins. But it’s unclear whether these marks direct the cell, telling it to “read this” or “ignore this,” or if they are simply remnants of past activity.

They focused on H3.3, a histone protein that binds to DNA and helps maintain its structure. H3.3 has sites on its tail, K9 and K27, that are often chemically modified. These modifications are believed to be epigenetic markers that regulate gene expression, but it has not been proven that they act as control sites.

The researchers experimentally altered these sites, creating a version of H3.3 that couldn’t be chemically modified. In terms of the book analogy, this created a page that couldn’t be marked, allowing the team to explore the consequences of losing these marks. By comparing the effects of losing modifications at each control site, they gained insights into their roles in gene regulation.

The scientists found that mutating these sites in mouse stem cells caused defects in differentiation, growth, and survival. It also led to the improper activation of genes across the genome, including immune-specific genes that shouldn’t be expressed in stem cells. This indicates that these sites normally help repress certain genes, preserving the stem cell state. The effects varied between the two control sites, highlighting their distinct roles in gene regulation.

Further analysis revealed that some activated regions are ancient viral remnants integrated into the genome, known as endogenous retroviruses (ERVs).

By mutating the K9 site in stem cells, the team found that many ‘cryptic’ enhancers, normally silenced, became active. “Repression of these unique genomic regions is essential for maintaining the cell’s gene expression balance,” Noh said. Activating these enhancers disrupts the gene regulatory network, impacting stem cell identity and function.

This study, conducted in collaboration with researchers from EMBL Australia, Washington University in St. Louis, and EMBL Heidelberg, was published in Nature Communications.

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Using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, researchers have successfully engineered stable Euglena. CRISPR/Cas9 alters Euglena to develop possible biofuel source mutants capable of producing wax esters with improved cold flow properties, making them ideal for biofuel feedstock.

Date	September 13, 2024
Source	Osaka Metropolitan University
Summary	Mutant microalgae generate wax esters for biofuel feedstock with enhanced cold flow.

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How CRISPR/Cas9 alters Euglena to develop a possible biofuel source

• News about biofuels often mentions used cooking oil as a feedstock, but if it contains animal fat, it can solidify in cold temperatures. This occurs because the fatty acids in these and other saturated fats have long carbon chains with single bonds. That’s where Euglena comes in.
• A team from Osaka Metropolitan University has discovered a way for one species of this microalgae to produce wax esters with shorter carbon chains.
• Using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, Dr. Masami Nakazawa and her team from the Graduate School of Agriculture’s Department of Applied Biochemistry successfully engineered stable mutants of Euglena gracilis.
• These mutants produced wax esters with carbon chains two atoms shorter than the wild-type species, improving the cold flow properties of the esters, and making them more suitable for biofuel feedstock.
• Euglena gracilis is particularly favorable for biofuel production due to its ease of growth via photosynthesis and its anaerobic production of wax esters.
• This achievement is expected to be a foundational technology to replace some petroleum-based wax ester production with biological alternatives.

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A recent study from the University of Ottawa has revealed that certain fish use their tastebuds to monitor oxygen levels in water. Zebrafish Sense Oxygen, its larvae, a freshwater species from the minnow family, can “taste” oxygen using the same cells they use for detecting food. These taste bud cells also act as oxygen sensors, playing a vital role in regulating the fish’s breathing response when oxygen levels are low. This dual function of taste cells was previously unknown and challenges our current understanding of sensory systems in aquatic animals.

Date	September 12, 2024
Source	University of Ottawa
Summary	Researchers have uncovered a connection between taste and respiration in fish. This finding could enhance our understanding of how fish sense and adapt to environmental changes.

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Emeritus Professor in the biology department at the University of Ottawa have uncovered a fascinating link between taste and respiration in fish. Their research offers the first direct evidence of oxygen-sensing cells involved in controlling breathing, surprisingly located within the fish’s taste buds.

How Zebrafish Sense Oxygen

The research team employed advanced techniques, such as intracellular calcium imaging in live fish, to reach these findings.

“We observed that these sensory cells activate when exposed to low oxygen, or hypoxia,” explained co-author Yihang Kevin Pan, a postdoctoral fellow in Professor Perry’s lab. “When we removed these cells, the fish’s breathing patterns under hypoxic conditions were disrupted. On the other hand, stimulating the nerves from the taste buds triggered breathing.”

This discovery has significant implications for understanding how fish adapt to environmental changes. It suggests that the ability to “taste” oxygen in water may be a critical survival mechanism, helping fish quickly detect and respond to low-oxygen conditions.

The study also highlights the extraordinary adaptability of sensory systems in nature. “It’s a perfect example of how one biological structure can serve multiple functions,” Pan noted. “In this case, taste buds not only detect taste but also play a crucial respiratory role.”

As climate change continues to impact aquatic ecosystems, understanding how fish perceive and react to environmental shifts becomes increasingly important. Beyond its scientific implications, this discovery could have practical benefits for the protection and management of aquatic life.

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A recent groundbreaking research reveals the hidden impact of stress on sperm. It highlights that stress-related changes in sperm motility occur after the stress has subsided, not during it, leading to enhanced sperm performance. This finding is crucial for understanding how stress influences reproduction and can lead to improved fetal development outcomes.

Date	September 11, 2024
Source	University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
Summary	Researchers discover that stress-induced events, such as the pandemic, trigger improvements in the male reproductive system after the stressful period has passed.

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How new research reveals the hidden impact of stress on sperm

• A pioneering study led by researchers at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus has uncovered that stress-induced changes in sperm motility occur after a stressful event, rather than during it, resulting in enhanced sperm performance. This discovery is critical for understanding how stress influences the reproductive process and may improve fetal development outcomes.
• Published today in Nature Communications, the research addresses a five-decade decline in semen quality linked to environmental stressors. The study reveals that stress affects sperm motility—the ability of sperm to travel through the female reproductive system to fertilize an egg.
• Researchers observed alterations in extracellular vesicles (EVs), tiny particles released from the male reproductive tract that play a role in sperm development and maturation. These changes were noted only after the stressor had passed.
• The research demonstrates a significant, time-dependent boost in sperm motility after perceived stress, aligning with prior findings on changes in microRNA in human sperm.
• This post-stress improvement in sperm function could have evolutionary benefits, potentially enhancing birth rates, particularly after challenging events like the COVID-19 pandemic.
• The research was conducted in both human and animal models, showing that stress-induced EVs improved sperm motility and mitochondrial respiration—the energy production needed to power cellular activities.
• Because the results were consistent in humans and animals, the findings suggest a universal biological response across species, providing insights into reproductive health.
• Though the study focused on males, researchers emphasize the importance of exploring how stress affects both partners in the fertility process. They are particularly interested in how stress impacts fetal development, especially the brain.
• Since stress is a common aspect of daily life, learning how it affects reproduction and development is vital for improving fertility and addressing ecological challenges, particularly for endangered species.
• The team is expanding their research to investigate how stress information is encoded into EVs, its effects on fertilization, and its impact on brain development.
• Additionally, they are launching a trial to further explore the relationship between EVs and sperm in seminal fluid. So new research reveals the hidden impact of stress on sperm, has a great future.

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Farmed in Okinawa for their nutritional value, these large meso-predators have had their entire genome sequenced, yielding unexpected findings. Because Unexpected hormone-related gene activity is found in the early larval stage of the Malabar grouper, these genes are activated twice during larval development—once in the early larval stage and again during metamorphosis. This early activation has not been observed in other fish species, making the grouper’s case exceptional.

Date	September 10, 2024
Source	Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST) Graduate University
Summary	Researchers have uncovered distinct gene activation patterns during Malabar grouper larval development, identifying a surprising early peak in thyroid and corticoid gene activation.

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Why unexpected hormone-related gene activity is found in the early larval stage of the Malabar grouper

Researchers from the Marine Climate Change Unit and Marine Eco-Evo-Devo Unit at the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST) have uncovered unique gene activation patterns during Malabar grouper larval development. Their study, published in eLife, is the first to demonstrate that thyroid and corticoid genes are activated twice during larval development—once in the early larval stage and again during metamorphosis. This early activation is unprecedented in any fish species, making the Malabar grouper case exceptional.

As meso-predators, groupers play a vital role in maintaining the health and balance of marine ecosystems. The Malabar grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus), known as Yaito-hata in Japan, can grow up to two meters long. However, overexploitation due to their popularity and high market value has endangered many grouper species. To address this threat and meet demand, grouper aquaculture farms have been established in Okinawa and other regions.

RNA Analysis Unveils Unusual Hormone Activation

The genome is the complete set of genetic material in an organism, and scientists can study how it functions through transcriptomic analysis, which reveals which genes are activated at specific times. The researchers examined the gene expression of thyroid and corticoid hormones during the grouper’s larval development, including the critical phase of metamorphosis.

Malabar grouper larvae drift in the open ocean for around 60 days before returning to coastal areas. During this period, they undergo a dramatic, hormone-driven metamorphosis, marked by spine regression and the appearance of adult-like pigmentation.

Genomic analysis clearly shows heightened thyroid and corticoid gene activation during metamorphosis, coinciding with the emergence of adult pigmentation and the loss of spines on the larvae’s dorsal and pectoral fins. What’s particularly interesting is the surge in these genes early in the larval stage, which we haven’t observed in other fish species.

Dr. Natacha Roux, a researcher also measured thyroid hormone and corticoid levels in the larvae and saw a spike at the beginning of development, confirming the genomic results. While the cause of this early activation is unclear, they suspect it may be linked to the development of larval spines, aiding buoyancy and deterring predators.

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Date	September 4, 2024
Source	Southern Methodist University
Summary	Biologists are employing a new method called SMIRC to collect samples from the world’s oceans. This technique has the potential to identify novel compounds that could pave the way for the development of next-generation antibiotics.

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How Innovative Method Developed for Studying Oceanic Microbes

When SMU researcher Alexander Chase was a child, he was captivated by the diverse plant life in tropical rainforests and wondered about undiscovered species. This curiosity now drives him to collect oceanic samples using a novel method called Small Molecule In situ Resin Capture (SMIRC), which may help identify compounds for next-generation antibiotics.

Microbial natural products, derived from microorganisms, are crucial for many modern medicines, including antibiotics. Microbes produce various chemical compounds during their lifespans, some of which are valuable for pharmaceuticals. Traditionally, new compounds have been found by culturing microbes from wild samples in the lab, a method that has become less effective over time due to the similarity of newly discovered chemical “scaffolds” to known ones. These scaffolds are essential for drug development.

Chase, an assistant professor at the Roy M. Huffington Department of Earth Sciences, explains that the traditional method limits discovery to familiar bacterial strains and their compounds, missing out on the vast chemical diversity in the ocean. SMIRC addresses this by capturing microbial products directly in their natural environment, bypassing the need for lab cultivation.

A recent study published in Nature Communications details how SMIRC, using an absorbent resin called HP-20, successfully collected microbial compounds from wild samples. Initial tests in seagrass areas near San Diego yielded an antibiotic compound and chrysoeriol, a plant-derived antibacterial agent. A modified SMIRC method, combining HP-20 with agar to promote microbial growth, identified a new compound, aplysiopsene A.

Further tests in a protected marine reserve at Cabrillo National Monument collected complex chemical mixtures, possibly due to the area’s low human impact. Although none of the new compounds led to antibiotics, cabrillostatin, one of the discovered compounds, shows potential for cancer and heart disease treatment.

Chase emphasizes that the ocean remains largely unexplored, especially the deep ocean, and SMIRC provides a new tool to study marine microorganisms and their compounds. This advancement is crucial in addressing antibiotic resistance and other health challenges.

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How fish intestines could influence the future of skincare products? Cosmetics and skincare products often feature unusual ingredients, like snail mucin, valued for its moisturizing and antioxidant benefits. However, researchers have discovered something even more unconventional: molecules produced by bacteria found in fish intestines. In cell studies, these compounds demonstrated skin-brightening and anti-wrinkle effects, suggesting they could become key ingredients in future skincare formulations.

Date	September 5, 2024
Source	American Chemical Society
Summary	Researchers reported in ACS Omega may have discovered an even more unconventional ingredient: molecules produced by bacteria found in fish intestines.

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How fish intestines could influence the future of skincare products

Although fish intestines might seem an unlikely source for cosmetic ingredients, it’s not unprecedented. Many significant drugs have been discovered in unexpected places—penicillin’s antibiotic properties were found after a moldy experiment, and the brain cancer drug Marizomib was derived from microbes in deep-sea sediments.

The gut microbes of the red seabream and blackhead seabream, found in the western Pacific Ocean, could be promising sources for new compounds. While these microbes were identified in 1992 and 2016, respectively, their compounds had not been studied until now.

Researchers Hyo-Jong Lee and Chung Sub Kim explored whether these bacteria produce any metabolites with cosmetic benefits. They identified 22 molecules from the gut bacteria of these fish and tested their ability to inhibit tyrosinase and collagenase enzymes in lab-grown mouse cells. Tyrosinase is linked to melanin production, which can cause hyperpigmentation, while collagenase breaks down collagen, leading to wrinkles. Three molecules from the red seabream bacteria effectively inhibited both enzymes without harming the cells, showing potential as anti-wrinkle and skin-brightening agents for future cosmetic use.

The research was supported by various organizations including the Marine Biotechnology Program, the National Research Foundation of Korea, and the Technology Development Program, among others.

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